The Story of Australia: Indigenous Worlds and Colonial Expansion — Fexingo History
This history podcast, hosted by Lucas and Luna, traces Australia's story from the Dreamtime and ancient Indigenous cultures through British colonization, frontier wars, gold rushes, and the Stolen Generations. It covers the political journey toward Federation in 1901 and the ongoing national reckoning with Indigenous dispossession, including the Uluru Statement from the Heart, debates over Australia Day, and the fight for treaty and truth-telling. The show also explores cultural and environmental topics such as the Western Desert art movement, the legacy of Captain Cook, and the impact of European farming on the land.
Episodes
Terra Nullius and the Eora Resistance in Early Sydney
While earlier episodes have explored frontier violence in New South Wales and Tasmania, this episode turns its gaze to the very first point of colonial contact: the Port Phillip Bay region and the Hawkesbury River. We examine the legal fiction of Terra Nullius as applied by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 and the immediate, organized resistance led by Pemulwuy, a Bidjigal man who became the most f
The Glass House Mountains Uprising: Pemulwuy's War
In this episode of The Story of Australia, we turn away from the well-trodden paths of the Eureka Stockade and the Myall Creek Massacre to explore a sustained, guerrilla-style resistance in New South Wales. We examine the life of Pemulwuy, a Bidjigal warrior who led a fierce campaign against colonial expansion in the Hawkesbury and Parramatta regions during the late 18th century. Unlike many front
The Frontier Wars and the Myth of Terra Nullius
While earlier episodes have explored specific massacres like Myall Creek and the Yirrkala Bark Petitions, this episode examines the legal and military architecture that made frontier violence systematic. We trace how the doctrine of terra nullius was not just a passive assumption but an active policy enforced by colonial administrators in New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land during the 1820s and
The Glass House Mountains Uprising
In this episode, we turn our attention to the eastern frontier of Queensland in the late 1830s and early 1840s. While much of Australian colonial history focuses on the conflicts in New South Wales or the harsh penal colonies of Tasmania, the struggle along the Moreton Bay coast presents a different dynamic. We explore the resistance led by Pemulwuy’s legacy and the fierce defense mounted by the T
The Battle of Myall Creek: Justice on the Frontier
In 1838, seven white men were hanged for the murder of twenty-nine Wiradjuri people at Myall Creek in New South Wales. This episode explores the trial that defied colonial prejudice, featuring the prosecution by Solicitor General John O'Connor and the defense led by Samuel Black. We examine the evidence gathered by Inspector James Braidwood, the role of Aboriginal witnesses like Mandigalgal, and h
The Battle of Yockletta: Frontier Violence in Queensland
This episode explores the violent frontier conflicts in colonial Queensland during the late 19th century, focusing on the Battle of Yockletta and the broader struggle of the Kalkadoon people. Lucas and Luna discuss how pastoral expansion into the Channel Country disrupted ancient trade routes and water sources, leading to escalating tensions between settlers and Aboriginal communities. We examine
The Tasmanian War and the Last of the Palawa
While earlier episodes covered the frontier violence in New South Wales and Queensland, we turn now to the isolated conflict in Van Diemen's Land. This episode examines the Black Line campaign of 1830, a desperate military attempt to displace Aboriginal people onto the Tasman Peninsula. We explore how Governor George Arthur organized this massive mobilization, and why it ultimately failed. We then
The 1898 Tumblerup Tragedy: Frontier Violence in Western Australia
While the Myall Creek massacre and the Black Line in Tasmania have been widely documented, the violent frontier conflicts in Western Australia’s remote Pilbara and Kimberley regions remain less known to the general public. This episode explores the Tumblerup Tragedy of 1898, a pivotal event where Ngarla and Nyamal people were attacked by pastoralists near the Gascoyne River. We examine the role of
The Battle of One Tree Hill: Eureka and Frontier Violence
In this episode, we explore the violent intersection of colonial expansion and Indigenous resistance in Victoria during the 1830s. While most listeners know the Eureka Stockade as a symbol of democratic reform, few realize that the gold rush it sparked was built on land seized through frontier massacres. We focus on the Battle of One Tree Hill in 1840, where Gunditjmara warriors ambushed settlers
The Glass House Mountains and the First Australian Uprising
In Episode 229, we step away from the well-trodden frontier massacres of New South Wales and Tasmania to explore a lesser-known but pivotal moment in Queensland’s colonial history: the Battle of Moreton Bay and the rise of Pemulwuy’s cousin, Gwarinba. While earlier episodes covered the Wiradjuri resistance at Myall Creek and the Palawa struggle in Van Diemen's Land, this episode focuses on the Tur
The Battle of Yarra: First Contact in Melbourne
While Sydney and Hobart dominate the colonial narrative, the story of Melbourne’s founding was far more violent than the myth suggests. In 1835, John Batman and his party arrived at Port Phillip, believing they had negotiated a treaty with the Wurundjeri people led by William Barak’s grandfather. This episode dismantles the 'peaceful settlement' legend by examining the reality of the Battle of Yar
The Black Line: Tasmania's Failed Invasion
In 1830, Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur organized the Black Line, a military-style operation in Van Diemen’s Land designed to drive the Palawa people into a cordon across the Tasmanian peninsula. This episode explores the logistical nightmare of corralling Indigenous communities through dense bushland, the cultural misunderstandings that doomed the strategy, and the tragic outcome that followed
The Bass Strait Massacre: Van Diemen's Land War
In Episode 226, Lucas and Luna turn their attention to the brutal frontier wars of Van Diemen’s Land, now known as Tasmania. While earlier episodes covered conflicts in mainland Australia, this story focuses on the intense, isolated struggle between British settlers and the Palawa people during the 1820s and 30s. We explore the role of George Augustus Robinson, who was tasked with pacifying the is
The Yirrkala Bark Petitions and Indigenous Law
In 1963, the Yolngu people of Arnhem Land did something unprecedented in Australian legal history: they petitioned the government using their own traditional law. This episode explores the Yirrkala Bark Petitions, a series of five painted panels created by elders like Mawalan Marika and Barakula Yunupingu that depicted their connection to country, the disruption caused by bauxite mining at Gove Pe
The 1838 Myall Creek Massacre and the First Execution
In this episode, we examine the events of June 1838 at Myall Creek Station in New South Wales, where twenty-eight Wiradjuri people were murdered by a group of armed settlers. Unlike previous frontier conflicts that ended in impunity, this atrocity sparked a rare legal reckoning. We follow the investigation led by Inspector James Braidwood and the subsequent trial of John O'Connor and his co-accuse
The Battle of Myall Creek: A Forgotten Massacre
In this episode, we explore the Myall Creek Massacre of 1838 in New South Wales, a pivotal moment where colonial violence met legal accountability. We follow the journey of Wiradjuri elders and warriors as they were ambushed by a group of armed settlers led by John O'Connor. Unlike most frontier conflicts where perpetrators escaped justice, this case went to trial, resulting in the hanging of nine
The Yirrkala Bark Petitions: Indigenous Law Meets White Paper
While most listeners know the Wave Hill Walk-Off or the 1967 Referendum, fewer understand how Yolngu elders in Arnhem Land weaponized their own ancient law against colonial bureaucracy. In 1963, five clans painted petitions on eucalyptus bark to stop Nabalco’s bauxite mining, arguing that the Australian government had no right to ignore their Songlines. This episode explores the legal battle that
The Cowra Breakout: Australia's Deadliest WWII Prisoner Escape
In August 1944, the Cowra breakout in New South Wales became the largest and deadliest prisoner-of-war escape in Australian history. Lucas and Luna explore the complex tensions at the Cowra POW camp, where Japanese soldiers, held under strict segregation policies, orchestrated a massive, coordinated assault on their guards. We examine the cultural clash between Western military discipline and the
The Myall Creek Massacre: Justice on the Frontier
In 1838, the Myall Creek massacre in New South Wales shocked the colonial world when seven white settlers were hanged for killing twenty-eight Wiradjuri people. This episode explores the rare instance where British law was applied to colonists who murdered Indigenous Australians, challenging the prevailing notion of frontier impunity. We follow the investigation led by police constable Daniel Byrn
The Eureka Stockade: Myth vs Reality in 1854
We often think of the Eureka Stockade as a noble uprising for democracy, but the reality was far more chaotic and less politically unified. In this episode, we strip away the national myth to look at the goldfields of Ballarat in late 1854. We explore the lives of miners like Peter Lalor and Henry Hamilton, who were not necessarily fighting for universal suffrage but against crushing license fees
The Stolen Generations: Australia's Secret Policy
In this episode, we uncover the hidden machinery of Australia’s Stolen Generations. While earlier episodes covered frontier violence and political protests, we focus on the systematic removal of Aboriginal children from their families between the 1910s and 1970s. Lucas and Luna explore how state laws like the Aborigines Protection Act 1909 empowered officials to take children without consent. We e
The 1918 Darwin Rebellion: A City Divided
In 1918, Darwin was a frontier town on the edge of an empire, where Aboriginal Australians faced harsh segregation while European workers fought for basic rights. This episode of The Story of Australia follows the Northern Territory's first major strike, a revolt that shook the federal government and exposed the deep contradictions of colonial administration. We meet key figures like Harold Nelson
The 1946 Pilbara Strike: Rights Before Wages
Before the famous 1966 Wave Hill walk-off, Aboriginal pastoral workers in Western Australia's Pilbara region staged one of Australia's longest strikes. Beginning on May 1, 1946, hundreds of workers from stations like Moolyella and Nullagine downed tools under the leadership of Clancy McKenna and Don McLeod. The strike lasted over two years, enduring arrests, ration blockades, and violent reprisals
The 1928 Forrest River Massacre Reexamined
In 1928, in the remote Kimberley region of Western Australia, a series of violent events unfolded around Forrest River that would become one of the most controversial episodes in Australian frontier history. Triggered by the killing of a white station hand, a police expedition led by Detective Patrick Noonan descended on Aboriginal communities, resulting in what became known as the Forrest River M
The 1965 Freedom Ride: Charles Perkins and Bloody Sunday
In February 1965, a busload of university students led by Charles Perkins rolled through New South Wales towns exposing segregation and discrimination against Aboriginal people. Perkins, a pioneering Arrernte man who became the first Indigenous Australian to graduate from university, faced violence in Moree and Walgett. This episode follows the Freedom Ride's path, the confrontations at the Moree
The 1939 Cummeragunja Walk-Off: A River People's Stand
In February 1939, over 200 Yorta Yorta people walked off the Cummeragunja Mission in New South Wales, crossing the Murray River into Victoria in protest against brutal conditions and the authoritarian manager, A.T. McQuiggan. This episode tells the story of that walk-off, its roots in the earlier Coranderrk years, the role of men like William Cooper and Jack Patten, and its legacy for Aboriginal a
The 1975 Dalki Garak: A Ceremony for the Nation
In 1975, on the lawns of Parliament House in Canberra, a Ngunnawal elder named Wally Bell performed a fire ceremony called Dalki Garak — a word that means 'fire country' in the Ngunnawal language. It was the first time an Aboriginal ceremony had opened an Australian Parliament, and it marked a quiet but profound shift in how the nation saw its First Peoples. This episode explores the man behind th
The 1966 Wave Hill Walk-Off: Gurindji Land Rights
In 1966, a group of Gurindji stockmen and domestic workers at Wave Hill Station in the Northern Territory walked off the job, sparking a strike that would reshape Australia. Led by Vincent Lingiari, they demanded equal pay and, crucially, the return of their ancestral lands. The walk-off lasted eight years, drew national attention, and culminated in 1975 when Prime Minister Gough Whitlam poured a
The 1937 Mala Bells: A Secret History of the Sydney Harbour Bridge Climb
In 1937, a group of Djab Wurrung men from the Lake Tyers mission in Gippsland made a journey that would become legend: they climbed the Sydney Harbour Bridge, defying police orders and performing a traditional dance on the steel arch. This episode follows their story—from the mission dormitories to the top of the 'coat hanger'—and asks what their act meant in a decade when Aboriginal Australians w
The 1934 Caledon Bay Crisis: A Turning Point for Yolngu Rights
In 1934, on the remote coast of Arnhem Land, a series of clashes between Yolngu people and Japanese pearlers at Caledon Bay triggered a crisis that would reshape Australian frontier policy. When five Japanese fishermen were killed and Constable Albert McColl was speared, authorities responded with a punitive expedition — but Yolngu leader Dhakiyarr Wirrpanda turned himself in, standing trial in Da
The 1936 Torres Strait Strike: Maritime Workers' Rebellion
In 1936, the pearling luggers of the Torres Strait fell silent. Hundreds of Torres Strait Islander crewmen refused to work, defying the boat pass system that had controlled their movements since the 1890s. This episode follows the strike from its explosion on Thursday Island to its quiet, devastating consequences. We meet the men who led it — sailors like George Mye and others who risked their liv
The Torres Strait Islanders: Saltwater People and the 1936 Strike
Before the 1967 referendum and the land rights movements of the 1970s, a group of pearl divers in the Torres Strait took on the Queensland government in a strike that shook the colonial order. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the world of the Islanders — maritime traders, skilled navigators, and subjects of a unique colonial regime that classified them as 'natives' but denied them the vote.
Uluru Handback: The 1985 Moment of Return
In 1985, after decades of legal battles and a controversial land claim, the Australian government handed back the title to Uluru to its traditional owners, the Anangu. This episode unpacks the long struggle that led to that moment — from the early protests against climbing the sacred rock, to the 1976 Aboriginal Land Rights Act, to the fraught negotiations between the Northern Territory government
The Coniston Massacre 1928: Australia's Forgotten Frontier
In this episode, Lucas and Luna confront one of the darkest chapters in Australia's frontier history: the Coniston Massacre of 1928. Sparked by the killing of a white dingo trapper, Frederick Brooks, a punitive expedition led by constable William Murray swept through the Warlpiri and Anmatyerre lands of the Northern Territory, leaving at least 31 Aboriginal people dead—though some estimates soar h
The 1967 Referendum: How a Vote Changed Aboriginal Australia
In 1967, over ninety percent of Australian voters said yes to counting Aboriginal people in the census and letting the Commonwealth make laws for them. But what did that actually change, and what did it leave undone? Lucas and Luna dig into the decade of activism that led to the referendum — the 1957 Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement, the petition drives led by people like Faith Bandler a
The 1938 Day of Mourning: First Aboriginal Rights Protest
On January 26, 1938, as Sydney celebrated the 150th anniversary of the First Fleet's arrival, a small group of Aboriginal activists gathered in the city's Australian Hall to declare a Day of Mourning. This episode of The Story of Australia explores that landmark protest — the first national Aboriginal civil rights gathering — and the men and women who made it happen. We follow Jack Patten and Will
The 1908 Moseley Royal Commission: Exposing Australia's Frontier
In 1908, a South Australian royal commission set out to investigate the treatment of Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory. The Moseley Royal Commission, led by Judge W.J. Moseley, heard testimony from across the Territory — from Darwin to Alice Springs — and its findings painted a brutal picture of frontier violence, exploitation, and neglect. This episode follows the commission's journey,
The 1910 Bar Beach Massacre: A Brutal Frontier Secret
In 1910, on the edge of Darwin, five Japanese divers were murdered by two white men, sparking a trial that exposed the brutal underbelly of the pearl-shell industry and the casual racism of colonial Australia. This episode digs into the Bar Beach Massacre — its victims, its perpetrators, the sham prosecution by Alfred Deakin's federal government, and how the case was quietly buried. Lucas and Luna
The 1902 Dawn of Federation: Aboriginal Affairs and the New Commonwealth
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the early days of the Australian Commonwealth, when the new federal government took control of Aboriginal affairs from the states. They focus on the Aboriginal Protection Act of 1902 and the creation of the position of Protector of Aborigines, which formalised policies of control and assimilation. The discussion centres on the life of David Unaipon, the Ngar
The Frontier of Memory: Interpreting Aboriginal History
In this episode, Lucas and Luna step back from the colonial record to explore how Aboriginal history has been remembered, recorded, and reclaimed. They trace the early ethnographic work of figures like Walter Baldwin Spencer and Francis Gillen, the troubled legacy of salvage anthropology, and the Dunbar case that shaped the Northern Territory's Native Administration. The conversation examines oral
The 1948 Pilbara Strike: Pastoral Workers Walk Off
In 1946, Aboriginal pastoral workers in Western Australia's Pilbara region walked off the job, igniting the longest industrial action in Australian history. This episode follows the strike's leaders—Clancy McKenna, Don McLeod, and Dooley Bin Bin—and the extraordinary alliance between an Aboriginal lawman and a white prospector. We trace how the strike began over unequal wages and poor conditions,
The 1884 Escape from Cape Barren Island: A Tasmanian Aboriginal Odyssey
In 1884, a group of Tasmanian Aboriginal people fled the confines of Cape Barren Island, a government reserve in the Bass Strait, sparking a dramatic pursuit across the sea. This episode follows the escape of a family led by the matriarch Dolly Dalrymple, tracing their journey in a stolen whaleboat to the mainland, the colonial authorities' chase, and the legal battle that followed. We explore the
The 1860s Native Police: A Brutal Frontier Force
Before the Native Police became a feared instrument of colonial expansion, there were moments when its Aboriginal troopers defied the system. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the origins of the Native Police in the Port Phillip District, the complex motivations of its Indigenous recruits, and the tragic story of Constable Billy, a Yorta Yorta man who deserted and fought against the force he
The 1876 Lake Tyers Mission: Kurnai Survival on the Coast
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the 1876 establishment of the Lake Tyers Aboriginal Mission in Gippsland, Victoria, and the fierce resistance of the Kurnai people. They follow the journey of Tulaba, a Kurnai elder who fought to keep his people on their ancestral lands, and the role of the missionary John Bulmer, whose own battles with the colonial bureaucracy shaped the mission's fate. The
The 1880s Frontier on the Gulf: Inside the Native Police
In the 1880s, the Gulf Country of northern Queensland was the most violent frontier in Australian history. This episode follows the Native Police, an armed force of Aboriginal troopers under white officers, as they 'dispersed' Indigenous groups resisting pastoral expansion. We focus on the 1884 Kalkadoon resistance at Battle Mountain, where the Aboriginal people of the Cloncurry region used tradit
The 1901 Immigration Restriction Act and the White Australia Policy
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the origins of the White Australia policy, focusing on the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. They discuss the political climate of the newly federated nation, the push for racial purity, and the act's impact on Pacific Islander laborers, Chinese migrants, and Aboriginal Australians. Learn about the dictation test, the critical role of politicians like Edm
The Djab Wurrung of Budj Bim: The Fight for Country
In this episode of The Story of Australia, Lucas and Luna explore the ancient engineering of the Gunditjmara people at Budj Bim, focusing on the intricate eel trap systems and the ongoing cultural revival led by the Djab Wurrung. They discuss the volcanic eruption that shaped the landscape, the sustainable aquaculture that sustained communities for millennia, and the colonial disruption that nearl
The 1889 Anne Bonney Legend: Fact, Fiction, and the Making of a Myth
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the curious afterlife of Anne Bonney, the notorious Irish-born pirate woman who may or may not have sailed the Caribbean in the 1720s. They sift through the sparse primary sources — the trial transcript, the anonymous chapbook, the fanciful memoirs of Captain Charles Johnson — and find that almost everything we think we know about Bonney was invented or embe
The 1869 Aboriginal Protection Board: A New Colonial Grip
In 1869, Victoria's colonial government passed a law that would reshape Indigenous life for over a century. The Aboriginal Protection Act handed the Board for the Protection of Aborigines unprecedented powers over every Aboriginal person in the colony — where they could live, work, marry, and even whether they could keep their children. This episode follows the Board's early years, from the failur
The 1885 Duguid River Gold Rush and the Yolngu Frontier
In 1885, gold was discovered along the Duguid River in Arnhem Land, sparking a rush that would collide with the ancient worlds of the Yolngu people. This episode traces the brief, brutal encounter between European miners and the Indigenous owners of the land — from the initial skirmishes to the government's reluctant response. We follow the story of a little-known figure, the prospector Ernest Fav
The Gunditjmara Eel Farms: Engineering Before Colonisation
Long before Melbourne existed, the Gunditjmara people of western Victoria built a vast network of stone channels, weirs, and traps to farm eels at Lake Condah. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how this sophisticated aquaculture system worked, the volcanic landscape it was built on, and the evidence that it operated for thousands of years. They discuss the 1830s conflict between the Gunditjm
The Macassan Trepangers: Australia's Pre-Colonial Trade
Before the British flagged the continent, Yolngu people in Arnhem Land were already trading with Macassan fishermen from Sulawesi. This episode explores the seasonal trepang harvest, the exchange of goods and ideas, and how Macassan words like 'balanda' entered Yolngu languages. We dig into the rock art at Djulirri that depicts these praus, and the colonial policies that ended a centuries-old conn
The Kalkadoon Resistance at Battle Mountain, 1884
In northwest Queensland, the Kalkadoon people mounted one of the most determined defenses against colonial expansion, culminating in the 1884 Battle of Battle Mountain. This episode dives into their tactical ingenuity — using leangle clubs, returning boomerangs, and fire drives against armed Native Police led by Sub-Inspector Ernest Henry. We explore the Kalkadoon's sophisticated weapons, their st
The 1881 Coranderrk Inquiry: Aboriginal Voices in the Colonial Court
In 1881, a Board of Inquiry convened in Victoria to investigate the condition of Aboriginal reserves. At its heart was Coranderrk Station, a model settlement established after the 1869 Aboriginal Protection Act. This episode focuses on the testimony of William Barak, the Wurundjeri ngurungaeta, who led a campaign for self-determination and land rights. We explore the political maneuvering of colon
The 1869 Aboriginal Protection Act and the Fight for Coranderrk
In 1869, the Victorian colonial government passed the Aboriginal Protection Act, a sweeping piece of legislation that placed Aboriginal people under state control and created a network of reserves. This episode tells the story of Coranderrk, a station near Healesville that became a beacon of Aboriginal self-determination. We follow the leadership of William Barak, the Wurundjeri ngurungaeta who fo
The 1816 Appin Massacre: Macquarie's Frontier War
In 1816, Governor Lachlan Macquarie launched a punitive expedition against the Dharawal and Gandangara people of the Hawkesbury-Nepean frontier. This episode tells the story of the Appin Massacre, where soldiers under Captain James Wallis killed at least 14 Aboriginal men, women, and children at the Cataract River. We explore the escalating conflict between settlers and Indigenous inhabitants, Mac
The 1824 Bathurst War: Windradyne and Wiradjuri Resistance
In 1824, the Wiradjuri people of the Bathurst Plains waged a guerrilla war against colonial settlers and the British military, led by a charismatic warrior named Windradyne. This episode explores the rapid expansion of the colony after the Blue Mountains crossing, the outbreak of violence in 1822, Governor Brisbane's declaration of martial law, and the eventual negotiated peace that temporarily ha
The 1868 Aboriginal Cricket Tour of England
In 1868, a team of Aboriginal Australian cricketers from the missions of western Victoria became the first Australian sports team to tour England. This episode tells the story of that landmark tour: how thirteen men, including star all-rounder Johnny Mullagh (Unaarrimin), navigated colonial prejudice, impressed English crowds, and played 47 matches in four months. We explore the blend of skill, sp
The Execution of Tunnerminnerwait: Tasmanian Resistance in Port Phillip
In 1842, two Tasmanian Aboriginal men, Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheener, were publicly executed in Melbourne, the first legal hangings in the Port Phillip District. Their story is a direct link between the Black War in Van Diemen's Land and the frontier conflict on the Australian mainland. Lucas and Luna trace their journey from the brutal Tasmanian campaign, through their escape across Bass Str
The 1789 Smallpox Epidemic: Sydney's Silent Catastrophe
In April 1789, a devastating smallpox epidemic swept through the Aboriginal populations around Sydney Cove, killing an estimated 50 to 90 percent of the Eora and Dharug people. This episode explores the outbreak's origins, its impact on Indigenous resistance, and the controversy over whether it was accidental or an early act of biological warfare. We follow the stories of Arabanoo, an Eora man tak
The Jandamarra Rebellion: Bunuba Resistance in the Kimberley
In the remote Kimberley region of Western Australia, a young Bunuba man named Jandamarra turned from police tracker to guerrilla leader, igniting a three-year rebellion against colonial expansion. This episode traces his journey from the Lillimullura police camp to the rugged gorges of Windjana, where he evaded a massive manhunt using his intimate knowledge of the land. We explore the violent fron
The Myall Creek Massacre: Justice on the Australian Frontier
In 1838, on a cattle station beside Myall Creek in northern New South Wales, a group of white settlers murdered at least twenty-eight Wirrayaraay people. What made this massacre different was what came next: a trial, convictions, and the hanging of seven of the killers. It was the first time in Australian colonial history that white men were executed for the murder of Aboriginal people. This episo
The 1804 Castle Hill Uprising: Irish Convicts and Dharug Warriors
In March 1804, a group of Irish convicts at the Castle Hill prison farm in New South Wales rose up, seizing weapons and calling for liberation. But their rebellion was not a solitary event—it unfolded amid ongoing Dharug resistance, with warriors like Pemulwuy and others challenging British expansion. This episode explores the uprising's connection to the 1798 Irish Rebellion, the role of Dharug a
The 1797 Toongabbie Convict Plot: Irish Rebels and Eora Alliances
We step back to 1797, when Irish political prisoners and English convicts conspired to overthrow the Sydney colony—and nearly did. Lucas and Luna trace the plot from its roots in the 1798 Irish Rebellion to the secret meetings at Toongabbie, where hundreds of convicts planned to seize guns from the garrison and escape by sea. But the plan relied on an unlikely ally: the Eora people, who had their
The Eora Fisherwomen of Sydney Cove: Diving for a Living
Before the First Fleet arrived, the shallow waters of Sydney Cove were worked by Eora women who dove for shellfish, fished with handlines, and supplied the fledgling colony with its first reliable food source. This episode follows the lives of Patyegarang, a young Eora woman who taught the naval officer William Dawes her language, and the generations of fisherwomen who sustained both their own cla
The 1790s Sydney Economy: Rum, Dharug Trade and the First Bank
Before the Sydney Opera House and the Harbour Bridge, there was a struggling penal colony held together by rum, barter, and the ingenuity of the Dharug people. This episode explores the makeshift economy of 1790s Sydney — a world where rum was currency, Dharug women traded fish for iron tools, and the first bank was a marine's wooden chest. We look at how Governor Arthur Phillip tried to impose or
The 1829 Swan River Colony: Noongar Resistance at the Founding
When the first British settlers landed on the Swan River in 1829, they found a land already carefully managed by Noongar people. This episode follows the first decade of the Swan River Colony through the eyes of the Whadjuk Noongar custodians. We explore the initial friendly encounters between Captain James Stirling and Yagan's father Midgegooroo, the rapid breakdown of trust as settlers fenced of
The 1860s Native Police Corps: Black Trackers in Blue
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the complex history of the Native Police Corps in Victoria during the 1860s. They focus on the enigmatic figure of Trooper Billy, a Yorta Yorta man who served as a tracker and enforcer for the colonial authorities. The conversation examines the dual role of Indigenous troopers — as both skilled trackers and agents of dispossession — and the moral ambiguities
The 1846 Bent Street Police Office and Aboriginal Prisoners
In 1846, a small police office on Bent Street in Sydney became the center of a controversy that exposed the brutal treatment of Aboriginal prisoners in the colonial justice system. This episode follows the story of two Wiradjuri men, Billy and Tommy, who were arrested for sheep stealing and held in the Sydney lockup. Their case reveals how colonial law was weaponized against Indigenous people, wit
The 1842 Port Phillip Aboriginal Mounted Police: Black Trackers in Blue
In 1842, the colonial government of New South Wales formed a corps of Aboriginal mounted police to patrol the Port Phillip District. Drawing from the Kulin nations, these men served as trackers and fighters, policing their own country under white officers. This episode follows the rise and fall of the Native Police Corps, focusing on figures like Trooper Billy and the force's role in frontier conf
The 1834 Pinjarra Massacre: Binjareb Resistance on the Swan River
In this episode of The Story of Australia, Lucas and Luna examine the 1834 Pinjarra Massacre, a brutal confrontation between Binjareb Noongar people and the Swan River Colony under Governor James Stirling. We explore the context of escalating frontier violence around the Murray and Swan Rivers, the role of the Mounted Police under Captain Theophilus Ellis, and the leadership of Binjareb elders lik
The 1830 Eumeralla Wars: Gunditjmara Resistance in Victoria's Southwest
Long before the better-known frontier conflicts, the Gunditjmara people of southwestern Victoria waged a decade-long guerrilla war against European settlers and the Native Police. This episode follows the Eumeralla Wars of the 1830s and 1840s, focusing on the volcanic plains around Mount Eccles and the Budj Bim aquaculture system—one of the world's oldest engineered landscapes. We explore how the
The 1860s Native Police Corps: Black Trackers in Blue
In the 1860s, the Native Police Corps of Victoria operated as a hybrid force: Aboriginal troopers under white officers, tasked with 'dispersing' their own people off land claimed by settlers. This episode focuses on the Corps' operations in the Wimmera and Gippsland regions, the career of Trooper Billy (a Yorta Yorta man who served for a decade), and the 1861 massacre at Mount Emu Creek where the
The 1888 Centennial Celebrations: Australia's Forgotten Protest
In 1888, as Sydney celebrated 100 years of British settlement with parades and fireworks, a quiet but powerful protest unfolded. Aboriginal activists, led by figures like William Cooper and the Australian Aboriginal Association, boycotted the events, demanding recognition and rights. This episode explores the Centennial Celebrations, the rise of early Aboriginal political organizing, the role of t
The 1795 Hawkesbury Frontier War: Wiradjuri-Dharug Resistance
In 1795, a wave of violence swept along the Hawkesbury River north of Sydney, as Indigenous clans led by the Wiradjuri and Dharug fought to push back the expanding British settlement. This episode reconstructs the frontier war that erupted after the devastating smallpox epidemic, centering on the guerilla tactics of Pemulwuy's allies, the retaliatory expeditions of Governor Hunter, and the forgott
The 1857 Flying Foam Massacre: Yamaji Resistance on the Murchison
In 1857, on the Murchison River in Western Australia, a violent encounter between Yamaji people and a party of European settlers led to what became known as the Flying Foam Massacre — one of the deadliest frontier massacres in the state's history. Lucas and Luna explore the events leading up to the attack, the key figures involved, and the aftermath that saw the displacement of the Yamaji from the
The 1843 Gundagai Floods and Wiradjuri Knowledge
In this episode of The Story of Australia, Lucas and Luna explore the catastrophic 1843 Gundagai floods, which wiped out the fledgling colonial town and killed 89 people—one-third of its population. They examine how the Wiradjuri people, who had lived along the Murrumbidgee River for millennia, warned settlers not to build on the floodplain. The conversation delves into the archaeological evidence
The 1824 Bathurst War: Wiradjuri Resistance and the Frontier
In 1824, the Wiradjuri people of the Bathurst region launched a coordinated resistance against colonial expansion, led by the warrior Windradyne. Governor Thomas Brisbane declared martial law, deploying mounted police and British soldiers in a campaign that foreshadowed later frontier conflicts. This episode examines the causes of the war, the role of the Wiradjuri in shaping colonial policy, and
The Warlpiri of Central Australia: Ceremony, Country and Colonisation
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Warlpiri people of Australia's Central Desert, focusing on their rich ceremonial life, the concept of Dreaming (Jukurrpa), and the violent impact of colonisation in the 20th century. They discuss the 1928 Coniston Massacre, one of the last large-scale frontier massacres in Australia, triggered by the killing of a white dingo trapper and resulting in the
The 1868 Cricket Tour: Aboriginal Athletes in England
In 1868, a team of Aboriginal Australian cricketers became the first Australian sporting team to tour England, playing 47 matches across the country. This episode tells the story of the tour, focusing on key figures like Johnny Mullagh (Unaarrimin), a star all-rounder from the Jardwadjali people, and Charles Lawrence, their English coach and promoter. We explore how the tour was shaped by colonial
